Big Idea 2

1) Adhesion:  Adhesion of water occurs when water molecules use hydrogen bonds to cling to another surface, such as the leaf of a plant.  The water molecules are sticking to the apple leaf.

3) ATP:  ATP is also called adenosine triphosphate because ATP is made of adenosine, and three phosphates.  When the phosphate bonds are broken down in a chemical reaction, energy is released.  The released energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.  Electricity provides energy and powers a light bulb to give light. 

4) Autotroph:  An autotroph is an organism that makes its own food.  Autotrophs obtain energy without eating other animals and are often referred to as the producers the environment.  A Carolina Cherry plant obtains energy from the sun and makes its own food in the process of photosynthesis.

5) Calvin Cycle:  The Calvin cycle is one of the major phases in photosynthesis, using carbon dioxide to make sugar.  The Calvin Cycle occurs in every plant that goes through photosynthesis, including this red rose.  

6) Carbohydrate:  A carbohydrate is a group of organic compounds made of oxygen and hydrogen that can be made into sugars, starch, and cellulose.  These molecules can be used in the body for energy once they are turned into glycogen in animals or starch in plants.  A piece of bread is an example of a carbohydrate.  

8) Cellulose:  Cellulose is a polysaccharide of glucose that is used in the structure of plant cell walls.  The glucose monomers are joined by beta glycosidic linkages to form cellulose.  Additionally, cellulose is the most abundant organic molecule on earth.  All plants, such as this Boxwood 'Winter Gem,' use cellulose in their cell walls..    

10) Cohesion of water:  Cohesion of water is the linking of water molecules by hydrogen bonds.  Cohesion is used in plants during transpiration.  When water molecules evaporated, the hydrogen bonds are joined and stick together to pull other water molecules up the xylem.  This picture shows cohesion of water because the water rises over the brim of the cup.  The water is held higher than the brim of the cup because the hydrogen bonds connect the water molecules together, creating surface tension.    



   

11)  Denaturation:  Denaturation is the process when a protein becomes inactive by abnormal conditions in pH, salinity, or temperature.  The protein loses its shape on account of the peptide bonds being broken or destroyed.  A poached egg is an example of denaturation because when a sufficient amount of heat is used, the proteins in the egg lose their shape to make a cooked egg.  

.  13) Endothermy:  An endotherm is an organism that maintains a stable body temperature by generating heat from their own metabolism.  Endotherms are also known as "warm blooded."  Birds, mammals, and some fish are endothermic.  This King Vulture is an endotherm.      

.  14) Entropy:  Entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness.  The more randomly arranged a collection of matter is, the greater the entropy.  This picture shows disorder of papers.  Also, according to the second law of thermodynamics, every energy transfer increases the amount of entropy.

  

16) Fermentation:  Fermentation is a catabolic process without the use of oxygen, making little ATP.  Since oxygen, the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration, is not present in the reaction, the electron transport chain is not used to make ATP.  In alcoholic fermentation, the end product is alcohol.  Bacteria and yeast perform alcohol fermentation.  In lactic acid fermentation, the end product is lactic acid.  Animals, bacteria, and some fungi perform lactic acid fermentation.  Wine is made by alcohol fermentation.  

17) Glycogen:  Glycogen is a polysaccharide of glucose that is made and stored in the liver and muscles of animals.  The hydrolysis of glycogen allows glucose to be released for short term energy in animal cells.  All animals, such as Wolf's Guenon produce glycogen.  

18) Glycolysis:  Glycolysis is the enzymatic process when a six carbon molecule, glucose, is broken down into two three carbon molecules called pyruvate.  The pyruvate is later used inside the mitochondrion to release carbon dioxide and produce large amounts of ATP.  The reactions of glycolysis occur in aerobic cellular respiration and fermentation.  This Great Hornbill performs glycolysis during cellular respiration.  

19) Heterotroph:  A heterotroph is an organism that obtains its energy by eating other organisms.  Heterotrophs are unable to make their own food and are often referred to as the consumers of an environment because they eat autotrophs to obtain food and energy.  A snow leopard is an example of a heterotroph because snow leopards hunt their prey and eat any kind of meat to survive. 

30) Phloem:  The phloem is one of the types of vascular tissue in vascular plants.  The phloem has cells that distribute nutrients and sugars, such as sucrose, amino acids, hormones, and other organic products downward from the leaves to other parts of the plant.  All vascular plants, such as this Indiana Hawthorn have phloems.  

               32) Saturated Fat:  A saturated fat contains saturated fatty acids with all the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail being joined by single bonds.  At room temperature, saturated fats are solids.  Foods such as butter, meat, cheese, French fries, and ice cream are high in saturated fats. 

33) Stomata:  Stomata are pores in the epidermis of the leaves and stem of a plant.  The pores allow for carbon dioxide to enter into plant and for oxygen to enter into the environment.  This process of gas exchange allows humans and plants to stay alive.  This Vigiro Rhaphiolepis plant has leaves that contain stomata.  

36) Transpiration:  Transpiration is the process of losing water vapor from the leaves and other parts of a plant.  Transpiration is important in plants so that the plant receives nutrients and water from the roots to the branches and the leaves.  Water is evaporated and leaves the plant through its stomata, exchanging oxygen gas for carbon dioxide. Transpiration occurs in a cherry tree.

   

.  37) Unsaturated Fat:  An unsaturated fat contains unsaturated fatty acids with one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail.  At room temperature, unsaturated fats are liquids.  Foods such as olive oil, salmon, almonds, peanuts, and avocados contain unsaturated fats. 

38) Xylem:  The xylem is one of the types of vascular tissue in vascular plants.  The xylem consists of tracheids, which are cells that carry water and minerals up from the roots.  The xylem vessels help transport water in transpiration.  Since nonvascular plants lack tracheids, vascular plants are called tracheophytes.  All vascular plants, such as this Golden Euonymus plant, have xylems.