Big Idea 1

16) Coelomate:  A coelomate is any organism that has a true coelom, a hollow body cavity lined with tissue and filled with fluid.  Many organisms have coeloms, such as mollusks, arthropods, annelids, and chordates.  An ostrich is a chordate.and has a coelom. 

2) Adaptation of an Animal:  An animal adaptation is when an animal increases its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.  Animals may adapt to their environment because of the weather.  For example, birds adapt to the weather by migrating to warmer locations.  Also, many animals camouflage themselves to escape from predators and survive.  This Honduran Dwarf Club Tailed Iguana uses camouflage from being eaten by hawks, eagles, and other animals.   

3) Adaptation of a Plant:  A plant adaptation is when a plant increases its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.  Plants may adapt to their environment because of weather.  For example, during cold climates, trees may adjust their proteins, membrane lipids, and solutes to survive.  Plants may also make proteins in the cytoplasm of the cell called dyhydrins, which alter the structure of water in the cell to stabilize membranes.  This pear tree adapts to its environment in the winter.  

5) Analogous Structure:  Analogous structures are features that perform a similar function but have a different ancestry and are not part of the same species.  An example of an analogous structure includes wings on a Blue Jay and wings on a fly.  Wings help organisms to fly and travel from one location to another or flee from predators.

6) Angiosperm:  An angiosperm is a plant or tree that grows fruits with seeds.  The seeds of the fruit grow in a closed ovary.  An example of an angiosperm is an orange tree because orange trees produce oranges, which contain white seeds. 

7) Annelid:  An annelid is an organism that is a part of the Annelida phylum.  Annelida include ragworms, earthworms, and leeches.  There are annelids that live in different environments, such as the marine and terrestrial environments.  Annelids usually have long segmented bodies.  These two earthworms are annelids. 

8) Arachnid:  An arachnid is an organism that is part of the class Arachnida.  Arachnida is a class to the phyla Arthropoda.  Arachnida include spiders, scorpions, and ticks, each having eight legs.  This Mexican Red-kneed Tarantula is an arachnid.   

10) Arthropod:  An arthropod is an organism that is part of the Arthropoda phylum, the largest phylum of the animal kingdom.  Arthropods are invertebrates that have segmented bodies, an exoskeleton, and jointed external body parts, such as antennas, legs, and tails.  Organisms of arthropods include insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and myriapoda.  Shrimp is an arthropod. 

14) Chordate:  A chordate is an organism that is a part of the Chordata phylum.  All chordates have a notochord, which is a hollow dorsal cord, pharyngeal slits, and at some point in the organism’s lifetime, a tail.  Animals such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are chordates.  This anteater is a chordate.    

17) Deuterostome:  A deuterostome is any organism from the phylas Chordata, Hemichordate, Echinodermata, and Xenoturbellida.  These organisms are distinguished by the development of the embryo because the anus is the first opening to develop.  This is different from protostomes because the mouth is the first opening to develop in protostomes.  Also, in deuterostomes, the coelom is formed from being pinched off by the digestive tract or otherwise called the embryonic gut.  This Burrowing Owl is an example of a deuterostome. 

19) Eubacteria:  Eubacteria is a kingdom of bacteria that includes true bacteria and cyanobacteria.  True bacteria have rigid cell walls and motile types of flagella.  Cyanobacteria is a phylum of bacteria that obtain energy through photosynthesis.  Bacteria are involved in the fermentations of cheese and yogurt. 

 20) Fungi:  Fungi is a type of kingdom that includes microorganisms with cell walls made of chitin.  Fungi, such as mushrooms, yeast, and mold, feed on organic material.  This picture shows fungi on two pomegranates. 

21) Gastropod:  A gastropod is an organism that makes up a class, Gastropoda, of the phylum Mollusca.  Gastropods have a head, a protected shell, and a body.  Some examples of gastropods include snails, slugs, sea hares, sea slugs, and limpets. 

24) Gymnosperm Cone:  A gymnosperm is any vascular plant that grows exposed seeds.  Gymnosperms do not grow seeds in an ovary like angiosperms.  The gymnosperm seeds are borne on megasporophylls, structures in which spores develop into female gametophytes are formed, and are later formed into cones or stalks.  This pine cone is an example of a gymnosperm cone.

25) Gymnosperm Leaf:  A gymnosperm leaf is a leaf that comes from a gymnosperm, such as conifers, cycads, Ginkos, and Gnetales.  The gymnosperms make the seed plants or also called spermatophytes.  This picture of a leaf is from a conifer tree. 

28) Modified Leaf of a Plant:  Modified leaves of a plant are when the leaves change to adapt to their specific environment.  An example of modified leaves include spines on cacti.  Since the reduction of leaf surface area on cacti reduces water loss, spines help keep predators away.  Another example is an onion.  An onion’s leaves are modified for food storage. 

29) Modified Root of a Plant:  Modified roots of a plant are when the roots are modified in different structures and have specific functions.  Some of the functions may include better absorption of water and nutrients, gather oxygen, or store food and water.  An example of a modified root is a carrot.  A carrot is modified to a conical, cone shaped, structure and is involved in food storage. 

30) Modified Stem of a Plant:  Modified stems of plants can change shape and perform special functions.  Stems can be modified by taking the shape of tubers, corms, bulbs, rhizomes or underground stems, and stolons or stems that grow horizontally.  An example of a tuber is a beet.  Tubers perform the function of storing food. Another example is a potato.  A potato is a bulb and has a modified stem with nodes called the basal plate. 

38) Seedless Vascular Plant:  Seedless vascular plants have a xylem and a phloem, which makes them vascular plants, but are seedless because they reproduce with spores.  Spores are haploid cells that are produced in the sporophyte by meiosis.  A spore can divide by mitosis to develop into a gametophyte without fusing with another cell.  Some examples of seedless vascular plants are ferns, horsetails, and club mosses. This fern is a seedless vascular plant.

39) Tetrapod:  A tetrapod is any invertebrate organism that has four legs.  These organisms may include mammals, amphibians, birds, and other reptiles.  An example of a tetrapod is Schneider's Smooth-fronted Caiman.  All crocodiles have four legs.

41) Vestigial Structure:  A vestigial structure is an organ or part of the body that functions differently as its original ancestral function.  The vestigial structure is no longer functional or has been reduced of its function.  An example of a vestigial structure is an appendix.  The appendix used to have digestive functions.  People who have had their appendix removed are still healthy.  Although, in 2009, a study found that the appendix might be useful for storing good bacteria.  This chimpanzee has an appendix.