16. fermentation: Fermentation is an ATP-producing process used when there is a lack of oxygen. In order to harvest energy, an organism must oxidize organic compounds (namely glucose) to produce ATP, NADH and the 3-C pyruvate needed to create more energy. But when there is a lack of oxygen an organism may use an organic compound to accept the electrons in the NADH, which is called fermentation. Fermentation recycles the NADH back into NAD+ so that it can be used again, but fermentation does not produce as much ATP as aerobic respiration. The process by which wine is made, uses alcohol fermentation. A byproduct of fermentation may be ethanol/alcohol in yeast and lactic acid in humans.
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