Big Idea 2

1. adhesion of water - Adhesion of water is defined as the ability for water to stick to other substances.  The water in this water bottle is attracted to the plastic bottle itself.

3. ATP - ATP, which stands for adenosine triphosphate, is considered to be the energy of life.  Many cellular and enzyme reactions use ATP as the primary energy source.  This sitatunga, which is an antelope, is an example of an animal that uses ATP because all organisms use it.

4. autotroph - An autotroph is any organism that is able to create its own food and complex compounds out of substances found in the environment.  The leaves on this sweetgum tree use energy from the sun, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own food.

5. Calvin Cycle - The Calvin Cycle is a reaction in chloroplasts that is mainly used for regenerating glucose and NADP.  All plants have chloroplasts, so these oak leaves undergo the Calvin Cycle.

6. carbohydrate - A carbohydrate is one of the four major macromolecules.  It is used primarily for structure and energy storage.  Oranges, and almost all food, contains carbohydrates.

8. cellulose - Cellulose is a polysaccharide.  It is the main structural component of plant cell walls.  All plants, such as these statice flowers, have cellulose.

10. cohesion of water - Cohesion of water is defined as the property of water molecules being attracted to each other.  The reason these water molecules are in this little area and not spread out is because they attract each other.

12. ectothermy - Ectothermy is the ability for animals to control their body temperature based on the environment.  A more commonly used word for animals with this trait is cold-blooded.  Golden mantellas, which are frogs, are ectotherms, like all frogs are.

13. endothermy - Endothermy is the ability for animals to keep their body temperature relatively high, regardless of the environment.  A more commonly used word for animals with this trait is warm-blooded.  Chimpanzees are able to keep their body temperatures warm, so they are endotherms.

16. fermentation - Fermentation is a process that creates energy in the absence of oxygen.  Ethanol fermentation is used in the production of beer, breaking down glucose to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide through yeasts.

18. glycolysis - Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway located in the mitochondria cytoplasm that turns glucose into pyruvate.  Almost all eukaryotes, including dart frogs, have mitochondria and need glycolysis to make energy.

19. heterotroph - A heterotroph is an animal that cannot make its own food.  Basically, it needs organic molecules from outside resources to live and grow.  All animals are heterotrophs, such as this orangutan.

23. hydrophilic - A hydrophilic substance is one that is attracted to water.  Literally, the word hydrophilic means "water-loving."  All polar molecules, such as table salt, are hydrophilic because their charges attract to the charges of water.

24. hydrophobic - A hydrophobic substance is one that repels water.  Literally, the word hydrophobic means "water-fearing."  All nonpolar molecules, such as olive oil, are hydrophobic because they have no charge, which means they do not attract to water but instead cluster with themselves.

27. Kreb's (citric acid) cycle - The Kreb's cycle is a metabolic pathway in the mitochondrial matrix that turns pyruvate into acetyl CoA and oxidizes NAD+ and FAD into NADH and FADH ₂ .  All animals, such as this red river hog, use the Kreb's cycle.

30. phloem - Phloem is a tissue in a leaf that brings nutrients and other substances from a leaf to other parts of a plant.  All leaves have phloem, such as the ones on this dogwood tree.

31. phospholipid - A phospholipid is a lipid with a phosphate attached to it, allowing it to be both hydrophobic and hydrophilic.  More importantly, phospholipids are the main component of cell membranes.  Animals like this hamster have phospholipids in their cell membranes.

32. saturated fat - Saturated fat is a fatty acid (a hydrocarbon chain) in which all carbons are bonded to two hydrogens, and have no double bonds.  Bananas, while they have very low levels of saturated fat, still do have some saturated fat, as do many other foods.

33. stomata - Stomata are pores in leaves that allow the leaves to take in and out gases such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor.  These ash leaves have stomata, as do all leaves.

38. xylem - Xylem is a tissue in plants that allows the plants to bring water and other nutrients to all areas of the plant.  One of the more common xylem tissues is wood, which oak trees have a lot of.