#40) Big Idea 2 Term 38: Xylem

Xylem  tubes are the other tube in plants that transport water and few nutrients throughout the plant. Xylem tubes usually appear in bundles and the cells. The main difference between the two is that xylem tubes are not alive. In the correction of this palm tree you can see where the xylem tubes flow.

#39) Big Idea 2 Term 37: Unsaturated Fat

The pill above is filled with fish oils, which are great for you. This is because They are made of unsaturated fats. Unsaturated fats do not have the maximum amount of hydrogen that they could which makes them have kinks in their chains. These kinks make it so they cannot stack on top of each other so they usually exist in liquid form. And if they are in liquid for then they are less likely to clog ones arteries so they are good for you.

#38) Big Idea 2 Term 36: Transpiration

We all know that the phloem tubes carry nutrients to the flowers of this agapantha through it long slender stalk. But one may wonder how these nutrients overcome the gravity that pushes it down. The answer is transpiration. Water evaporates out of the stomata under leaves and the suction it creates plus the cohesion and adhesion of water allows the nutrients to climb up the phloem like soda up a straw.

#37) Big Idea 2 Term 33: Stomata

Although the naked eye cannot see them, on the bottom of this magnolia tree leave are thousands of tiny little holes called stomata. They allow transpiration to take place in the plant and they let oxygen out of the plant to prevent photorespiration.

#36) Big Idea 2 Term 32: Saturated Fat

The butter above is a Saturated fat because of how many hydrogens it has. All saturated fats have the highest amount of hydrocarbons they possible can, which makes it so that their chains of hydrocarbons are straight. This allows them to stack on top of each other easily so they are usually solid.

#35) Big Idea 2 Term 31: Phospholipid

Phospholipids are made of a phosphate group with two hydrocarbon tales. They are famous for making up eukaryotic cell membranes and are the basis of life on Earth. The egg yolk above is actually a single cell coated in a phospholipid membrane. The phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tales which allows them to make a two layered membrane.

#34) Big Idea 2 Term 30: Phloem

In the cherry tree branch above, precious sucrose is being carried to growing buds through tubes called phloem. Phloem are living tubes that transport nutrients called photosynthate throughout the plant.

#33) Big Idea 2 Term 23: Hydrophilic

The oil above shares a dish with vinegar yet they do not mix. Why? because the oil is a non polar and the vinegar is polar, making it hydrophilic. Water is a polar molecule which makes it so that it cannot mix with non polar molecules. So any molecule that is also polar and can mix with water is deemed hydrophilic.

#32) Big Idea 2 Term 21: Hypertonic

Above floats a piece of wood bark in a pool of water. If one were to leave it there for a few days, it would get bigger and softer. Why? Because it is hypertonic to the water around it. This means that there is more stuff per square inch in the wood than in the water so the water flows towards where there is more stuff. it is a natural property of water.

#31) Big Idea 2 Term 19: Heterotroph

A Heterotroph is an organism that must consume other organisms to live because it cannot create its own essential nutrients. The heterotroph above is a flat-headed mushroom which is a detrivor. It takes nutrients from decaying organisms.

#30) Big Idea 2 Term 10: Cohesion of Water

The water droplets forming on the leaf above are only possible because of water and its cohesive properties. The droplets form because the water on the surface creates a whole bunch of hydrogen bonds with other water molecules in the drop, giving it a small but of structure and a defined shape. Water is considered cohesive only when it makes hydrogen bonds with itself.

#29) Big Idea 2 Term 7: Catabolic

Above a yellow leaf is preparing to fall off of its tree. The cells in the stem of the leaf are apoptizing, all of their energy is being released they break apart in a catabolic reaction. Catabolic reactions are the opposite of anabolic reactions in they they do not require energy but they release energy as some thing breaks apart.

#28) Big Idea 2 Term 6: Carbohydrates

The fruit above is a mandarin and it is famous for its sweet flavor. But what gives it this flavor? The answer: fructose, a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are sugars such as glucose, fructose, lactose, galactose, maltose, etc. They are your body's source of quick energy, but if they sit unused, they will turn to fat.

#27) Big Idea 2 Term 4: Calvin Cycle

Depicted above is a holly plant. Every day it must use the calvin cycle to turn CO2 molecules into sugars, amino acids, lipids, and nucleic acids. The calvin cycle happens in all plants, although often at different times and different places in different plants. (C3 plants, C4 plants, and Cam Plants.)

#26) Big Idea 2 Term 4: Autotroph

An Autotroph is an organism that can produce its own food without having to consume any other living organisms. Examples of them are plants and algae. The autotroph above is an oregano plant it it produces its own food through photosynthesis.

#25) Big Idea 2 Term 3: ATP

In the image above, the common house cat is using the ATP in its body to live. It must supply ATP to all its cells constantly so it can undergo cellular respiration to make more ATP. It is using ATP to keep its heart beating continuously and to power its digestive system too. ATP, or adeninetriphospate, is an essential molecule for energy because it can store a lot of energy in a little space using its 3 phosphate groups and it can be made quickly and easly.

#24) Big Idea 2: Term 2: Anabolic

Inside the sun-soaked leaves of this avocado sprout, there are tiny anabolic reactions taking place. This plant, like all plants, is using photosynthesis to create sugars to use for energy. Creating these sugars is an anabolic process because energy is being stored/put in the reactants (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) to make the product (glucose).

#23) Big Idea 2 Term 1: Adhesion of Water

Above, a wadded up paper towel is somehow sticking to a glass window. How? Through the awesome properties of water and adhesion! The wadded up paper towel was soaked in water and the countless water molecules in the towel used their hydrogen bonds to stick to all kinds of surfaces. When water can stick to some other matter in this process, its called adhesion.

#13) Big Idea 2 Term 8: Cellulose

The celery stalk depicted above (Apium graveolens) is unique in the pant world due to the fact that it is comprised almost entirely of water and cellulose. Cellulose is a chain of beta glucose where the monomers in an inverted pattern. This makes it so that humans cannot digest it and animals who can must either chew it a lot, have a long cecum to digest it, have special bacteria to digest it for them, or they must re-consume their feces and digest it again after expulsion (coprophagia). All plants have cell walls made of cellulose and it comprises 90% of cotton and approximately 45% of wood.

#11) Big Idea 2 Term 9: Chitin

Chitin is a long chain of glucose that forms a hard substance, often found in mushrooms, exoskeletons of arthropods, and beaks and shells of cephalopods. Chitin is made of units of N-acetylglucosamine and consists of linkages similar to those found is cellulose. The exoskeleton of Tibicen linnei (depicted above) is made of chitin.