Big Idea 2

1. Adhesion of Water: water forms weak bonds with other substances that allows it to overcome the effect of gravity to a certain point. This image represents the adhesive properties of water because instead of falling straight off of the glass, the liquid clings to the walls until it reaches a point where it is heavy enough but with too little surface area to hold its bonds, causing it to drip.

3. ATP: adenosine triphosphate is a coenzyme used in cells that transports chemical energy for the cell. In a way it is the currency for a cell, because almost all actions a cell performs requires a certain number if ATP to be performed. The energy that comes from the sun is the first step in the production of ATP that is used in all organisms.

4. Autotroph: this stage of the food chains is made up of plants that are capable of producing the food they make through photosynthesis. They are known as "self-feeding" organisms, and serve as the start of the chain that upper class organisms eat from. A star-thistle produces its own energy from sunlight and any nutrients it can get from soil, making it an autotroph.

6. Carbohydrate: a carbohydrate is one of the four biological molecules. Carbohydrates are always made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen molecules, which usually has a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 2:1. Bread is an example of a food that has a high content of carbohydrates.

8. Cellulose: cellulose is a long chain of sugar molecules that serves as the main component of cell walls. It does not appear in animals, however some animals such as rabbits and cows are capable of breaking cellulose down for its nutrients. The bluegrass shown contains cell walls which contain cellulose.

9. Chitin: chitin is a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide that is found in arthropod exoskeletons and certain fungi. It is tough, semi-transparent, and similar to cellulose in its build. The Armadillidiidae, or roly-poly, that is shown has an exoskeleton made of chitin which it can ravel into to protect itself from predators. 

10. Cohesion of Water: water molecules form weak hydrogen bonds with other water molecules, causing them to clump together and form droplets when together. When the water droplets touch, they clump to form an even larger water droplet, something that is caused by the bonds that form between the two pools.

13. Endothermy: an organism that is endothermic generates heat to maintain a high body temperature. These organisms are often referred to as "warm-blooded." A species that is endothermic tends to release heat because it's inside has a higher temperature than its outside. This same release of heat makes a fire an example of endothermy.

14. Entropy: this is the concept that nature tends to move from an a state of order to a state of disorder. This means that when walking into a room, it is much more likely that a book shelf will collapse and scatter books everywhere than there is that books will spontaneously arrange themselves. The scattered clothes are an example oh how objects will tend to move out of an orderly state by the progression of entropy.

16. Fermentation: fermentation is the conversion of sugar to carbon dioxide and alcohol that occurs in yeast and bacteria or in oxygen-deprived muscles. A grape vine represents fermentation because when fermented and treated, grapes can produce wine.

19. Heterotroph: a heterotroph is an organism that is not capable of synthesizing its own food from sunlight, and eats other organisms for nutrients instead. A horse is an example of a heterotroph that acquires the nutrients it needs by eating autotrophs such as different weeds and grasses

24. Hydrophobic: substances that are hydrophobic do not dissolve with water because their molecules are non-polar. Vegetable oil is hydrophobic, something that can be observed by the fact that the oil rests on top of the water instead of mixing in with it.

25. Isotonic: if a substance is isotonic, the substrates are equally divided throughout the solution, causing it to have the same molarity at any location. This is expressed in a bottle of Sobe because all of the different ingredients that can be found in the beverage are equally  distributed amongst the liquids.

29. Long-day Plant: a group of plants that only flower when exposed to light for a certain period of time. Lettuce is one type of plant that will not flower until days provide a certain amount of sunlight for them to grow in.

32. Saturated Fat: saturated fats are triglycerides that have the maximum amount oh Hydrogen atoms bound to the Carbon chain. Meat that comes from a cow is primarily saturated, such as beef and steak.

33. Stomata: stomata are structures that make up the epidermis of leaves. They consist of two specialized cells which surround the stoma, a small pore in the plant, and open and close as needed to let water vapor and carbon dioxide flow through. The leaf from a mulberry tree has stomata, though they are too small to been seen without a magnifying glass.

37. Unsaturated Fat: unsaturated fats are triglycerides that have a double bond somewhere along the Carbon chain, causing the chain to not have the maximum amount of Hydrogen atoms and causing it to not stack well with other fats. Nuts are a type of food that has a very content of unsaturated fats.

38. Xylem: the xylem is a transport tissue in a plant that helps the phloem to transfer nutrients found in the roots of the plant throughout the whole organism. Wheatgrass is a type of grass that brings nutrients from its roots to its tips through its xylem.