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Big Idea 4: Term 5

Commensalism: In a commensalism relationship, one

organism benefits while the other organism remains 

largely unaffected (no harm or help). Moss benefits 

from this symbiotic relationship because it is able to

receive sunlight and not suffocate below a layer of 

leaf litter. On the other hand, the tree does not benefit.

Big Idea 3: Term 17

Pollinator: A pollinator, such as a honeybee (genus Apis; left 

edge of photo), spreads the pollen (containing male gametes)

of one flower to another flower. This allows fertilization of a 

zygote that will grow into a new plant.

Big Idea 2: Term 16

Fermentation: In the absence of oxygen, organisms 

perform cellular respiration by glycolysis, but not 

pyruvate oxidation, Krebs Cycle, or the electron 

transport chain. To recycle NAD+, fermentation
reduces pyruvate (takes electrons and proton from
NADH) to either lactic acid or ethanol. For instance,
yeast performs alcohol fermentation to yield CO2
and alcohol (shown here).

Big Idea 1: Term 21

Gastropod: Gastropoda is a class that consists of snails 

and slugs; it is part of the Mollusca phylum. Pictured 

here is the vacant shell of a snail.

Big Idea 4: Term 14

Parasitism: In a parasitic relationship, one organism 

benefits at the expense of another. Here, the mistletoe

(at top) benefits from its parasitic relationship with 

the tree, which loses nutrients.

Big Idea 1: Term 7

Annelid: The phylum Annelida consists of segmented, 

invertebrate coelomates (digestive system separated from 

body cells), such as this common earthworm.